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15.03.2009 um 18:44
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November 25 ~ International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women
Facts and Figures
DOMESTIC AND INTIMATE VIOLENCE
Domestic and intimate partner violence involves attacks against women in the home, within the family or within an intimate relationship. Women are subjected to physical assault such as punching, strangling, and burning in their homes. In addition to physical violence, psychological abuse and sexual assault, including marital and date rape, and incest, is often committed by family members and intimate partners.
In no country in the world are women safe from this type of violence. In Cambodia, 16 percent of women are physically abused by their husbands; in the UK 30 percent are physically abused by partners or ex partners; this figure is 52 percent in the West Bank; 21 percent in Nicaragua, 29 per cent in Canada, and 22 percent in the US.
Based on 48 surveys around the world, half of the women who die from homicides are killed by their current or former husbands or partners. Women are killed by guns, beatings and burns among numerous other forms of abuse. A study conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil reported that 13 percent of deaths of women of reproductive age were homicides; of which 60 percent were committed by the victims’ partners.
Although a majority of countries now have legislation that addresses domestic violence, high levels of violence still persist. There is clearly a need for greater focus on implementation and enforcement of legislation, and an end to laws that emphasize family reunification over the rights of women and girls.
SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN NON-CONFLICT SITUATIONS
Sexual violence includes any coerced sex in marriage and intimate relationships, rape by strangers, sexual harassment, forced prostitution and sexual trafficking, early marriages, female genital mutilation, virginity testing and other forms of practices that control a woman’s use of her body.
In the USA, !700,000! women are raped or sexually assaulted !each year!, with 14.8 percent of women reporting having been !raped before the age of 17!. In a randomly selected study of nearly 1,200 ninth-grade students in Geneva, Switzerland, 20 percent of girls revealed they had experienced at least one incident of physical sexual abuse. !!!In Peru, a study of 12 to 16 year old girls giving birth found that 90 percent of them were pregnant from rape, often incest.!!!
In many societies, the legal system and community attitudes add to the trauma rape survivors experience. Women are often held responsible for the violence against them, and in many places laws contain loopholes which allow the perpetrators to act with impunity. In Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Lebanon, Peru and Uruguay, a rapist can go free under the Penal Code if he proposes to marry the victim and she consents. In Pakistan and many other Islamic countries, ordinances require women reporting rape to provide a set number of credible male witnesses to verify the crime. Victims unable to provide these witnesses are often charged instead with adultery.
HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES
This refers to types of violence that have been committed against women in certain communities and societies for so long that they are considered to be a part of accepted cultural practice. These violations include female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM), dowry murder, honour killings, and early marriage. They lead to death, disabilities, and mental, physical and psychological dysfunction for millions of women annually.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
FGM refers to several types of traditional cutting operations performed on women and girls. Often part of fertility or coming-of-age rituals, FGM is sometimes justified as a way to ensure chastity and genital ‘purity’. FGM occurs primarily in over 25 African countries, among some minorities in Asia and immigrant communities in Europe, Australia, Canada and the US. An estimated 130 million women today have undergone FGM, and an additional 2 million girls and women are being subjected to it each year.
Since the late 1980s, opposition to FGM and efforts to combat the practice have increased. Some countries have passed legislation to regulate or ban FGM. UNIFEM supported a project in Kenya, which involved local communities developing alternative coming-of-age rituals, such as ‘circumcision with words’ - celebrating a young girl’s entry into womanhood with words instead of genital cutting. A joint initiative by UNICEF, WHO, and UNFPA seeks to drastically decrease the incidence of FGM, including assisting governments to develop and implement national polices to abolish the practice.
Dowry Murder
Dowry murder is a brutal practice involving a woman being killed by her husband or in-laws because her family is unable to meet their demands for her dowry - a payment made to a woman’s in-laws upon her engagement or marriage as a gift to her new family. It is not uncommon for dowries to exceed a family’s annual income.
While cultures throughout the world have dowries or analogous payments, dowry murder occurs predominantly in South Asia. In India, for example, there are close to 15,000 dowry deaths estimated per year , with more than 12 women dying per day as a result of dowry disputes, and mostly in kitchen fires designed to look like accidents. In Bangladesh, there have been many incidents of acid attacks due to dowry disputes , leading often to blindness, disfigurement, and death.
In India, women’s organisations have successfully advocated for changes to the 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act, including amendments in the 1980s to hire community members as ‘dowry prohibition officers’. In addition, the country’s murder law has been revised to define and punish dowry death. However, these changes have not been enforced widely throughout the nation. Undoing the dynamics of dowry deaths requires change at a deep level, within the context of globalisation and economic restructuring, where dowry ceases to be an economic institution and women's lives the commodity that is traded.
Honour Killings
In many societies, rape victims, women suspected of engaging in premarital sex, and women accused of adultery have been murdered by their male relatives because the violation of a woman’s chastity is viewed as an affront to the family’s honour. In Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Peru and many other countries, fathers, brothers, and uncles have gone unpunished after murdering their wives, sisters, daughters and nieces.
According to a recent UN human rights report, more than 1,000 women each year are killed in Pakistan in the name of honour. -> In a study of female deaths in Alexandria, Egypt, 47 percent of the women were killed by a relative after the woman had been raped. In Jordan and Lebanon, 70 to 75 percent of the perpetrators are brothers.<-
It is not only in Islamic countries that this act of violence is prevalent. Brazil is cited as a case in point, where killing is justified to defend the honour of the husband in the case of a wife’s adultery. In Jerusalem, UNIFEM’s end-violence Trust Fund supported a project documenting honour killing cases in Palestinian society and recommending strategies to protect potential victims and strengthen the legal system to deter such practices.
Early Marriage
The practice of early marriage is prevalent throughout the world, especially in Africa and South Asia. This is a form of sexual violence, since young girls are often forced into the marriage and into sexual relations.
Parents and families often justify child marriages to ensure a better future for their daughters. Parents and families marry off their younger daughters as a means to gain economic security and status for them as well as for their daughters. Insecurity, conflict and societal crisis also support early marriage. In many African countries experiencing conflict, where there is a high possibility of young girls being kidnapped, marrying them off at an early age is viewed as a means to securing their protection. In some countries, a rapist can be exempt from punishment if he is prepared to marry the victim, and the law can allow judges to lower the age of marriage in cases where the rape victim is a minor.
In the North West Frontier Province, Pakistan, for example, young girls are ‘sold’ by their parents into marriage for money. This is done without the consent of daughters; and often the husbands are wealthy older men. This is no longer permitted by law, but still practised. Girls fleeing such marriages can be put in jail and are shunned by society. If they are released, they are either killed by their own family or their in-laws, or sold again.
TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND GIRLS
Trafficking involves recruiting or transporting another person in order to place them in a situation of abuse or exploitation such as forced prostitution, slavery-like practices, battering and extreme cruelty, sweatshop labour, or exploitative domestic servitude.
Each year, roughly two million girls between the ages of 5 and 15 are trafficked, sold, or coerced into prostitution. More than 200,000 Bangladeshi women have been trafficked from 1990 – 1997; and 5000 – 7000 Nepali women and girls illegally trafficked to India. In Europe, 10 – 15 percent of foreign prostitutes in Belgium were forcibly sold from abroad. These women and girls were mainly from Central and Eastern Europe, Colombia, Nigeria and Peru. Since trafficking is big business, it often involves organised crime, and efforts to combat it can involve serious risks.
With support from USAID, UNIFEM’s South Asia Regional Office has established the South Asian Regional Anti-Trafficking Programme to reduce the incidence of trafficking in women and children in the South Asian region. As part of this initiative, the first-ever regional resource centre on anti-trafficking has been set up for the region.
HIV/AIDS AND VIOLENCE
Women’s inability to negotiate safe sex and refuse unwanted sex is closely linked to the high prevalence of violence against women. Unwanted sex - from being unable to say “no!” to a partner and be heard, to sexual assault such as rape - results in a higher risk of abrasion and bleeding, providing a ready avenue for transmission of the virus. Both realities obliterate women’s ability to protect themselves from infection.
For many women, the fear of violence prevents them from declaring their HIV-positive status and seeking help and treatment. They have been driven from their homes, left destitute, been ostracized by their families and community, and subjected to extreme physical and emotional abuse. In 1998 Gugu Dhlamini was stoned to death by men in her community in South Africa, after she declared her positive status on radio and television on World AIDS Day.
Young women are particularly vulnerable to coerced sex and are increasingly being infected with HIV/AIDS. Over half of new HIV infections world-wide are occurring among young people between the ages of 15 to 24, and over 60% of HIV-positive youth between the ages of 15-24 are women. A study conducted in Tanzania in 2001 found that HIV-positive women were over 2 and half times more likely than HIV-negative women to have experienced violence perpetrated by their current partner.
A recent UNIFEM-sponsored report on the impact of armed conflict on women underscores how the chaotic and brutal circumstances of armed conflict aggravate all the factors that fuel the crisis. Tragically and most cruelly, in many conflicts, the planned and purposeful HIV infection of women has been a tool of ethnic warfare.
CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN WAR AND ARMED CONFLICT
The victims in today’s armed conflicts are for more likely to be civilians than soldiers. Some 70 percent of the casualties in recent conflicts were non-combatants – most of them women and children. Women’s bodies have become a battleground for those who use terror as a tactic of war – they are raped, abducted, humiliated and made to undergo forced pregnancy, sexual abuse and slavery. In Rwanda, approximately half a million women were raped during the 1994 genocide. In Bosnia, 20,000 – 50,000 women were raped during five months of conflict in 1992.
In a recent UNIFEM-sponsored report on the issue, a UN official in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo described the terror of daily life for people in the region - “ From Pweto down near the Zambian border right up to Aru on the Sudan/Uganda border, it’s a black hole where no one is safe and where no outsider goes. Women take a risk when they go out to the fields or on a road to a market. Any day they can be stripped naked, humiliated and raped in public. Many, many people no longer sleep at home, though sleeping in the bush is equally unsafe. Every night, another village is attacked. It could be any group, no one knows, but they always take away women and girls.”
Protection and support for women survivors of violence in conflict and post-conflict areas is woefully inadequate. Access to social services, protection, legal remedies, medical resources, places of refuge is limited despite the valiant efforts of numerous local NGOs to provide assistance. A climate of impunity further exacerbates the situation, ensuring that perpetrators go unpunished and free to continue their acts of violence. It is glaringly evident that much further effort is needed from governments and the international community to strengthen procedures and mechanisms to investigate, report, prosecute and remedy violence against women.
ENDNOTES/Quellen
1 Krug et al. 2002. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO. 90-91.
2 Krug et al. 2002. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO. 93.
3 Referred to by S.G. Diniz, A F. d’Oliveira. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 63 Suppl. 1 (1998). 34.
4 UNIFEM, Forthcoming. ‘Chapter 2. Progress of the World’s Women.
5 UNIFEM. Forthcoming. ‘Chapter 2. Progress of the World’s Women.
6 UNFPA. www.unfpa.org/SWP/SWP97/CHAPTER3/htm#violence.
7 Krug et al. 2002. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO. 151.
8 D Halperin et al. Prevalence of child sexual abuse among adolescents in Geneva: results of a cross-sectional survey. British Medical Journal. 1996. Vol. 312, 1326-9.
9 UNFPA. www.unfpa.org/SWP/SWP97/CHAPTER3/htm#violence.
10 Radhika Coomerasamy. Integration of the Human Rights of Women and the Gender Perspective: Violence Against Women. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. Cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women. E/CN.4/2002/93. 31 January 2002. 19.
11 Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. Fact Sheet No. 23. Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children.
12 Radhika Coomerasamy. Integration of the Human Rights of Women and the Gender Perspective: Violence Against Women. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences.
Cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women. E/CN.4/2002/93. 31 January 2002. 11.
13 Partha Banerjee. ‘A Matter of Extreme Cruelty: Bride Burning and Dowry Deaths in India’. Injustices Studies. Vol. 1, November 1997.
14 Charlotte Bunch. 1997. ‘The Intolerable Status Quo: Violence against Women and Girls’. In UNICEF. The Progress of Nations, 1997. 41.
15 Carrin Benninger-Budel and Anne-Laurence Lacroix. World Organisation Against Torture, Violence Against Women: A Report 1999. Geneva. OMCT.
16 Kirti Singh. 1994. ‘Obstacles to Women’s Rights in India’. In Rebecca Cook. Ed. Human Rights of Women. 393.
17 Radhika Coomerasamy. Integration of the Human Rights of Women and the Gender Perspective: Violence Against Women. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences.
Cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women. E/CN.4/2002/93. 31 January 2002. 12.
18 Krug et al. 2002. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO. 93.
19 UNIFEM.2002. Regional Scan, Arab Region.
20 Radhika Coomerasamy. Integration of the Human Rights of Women and the Gender Perspective: Violence Against Women. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. Cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women. E/CN.4/2002/93. 31 January 2002. 12.
21 Early Marriage in a Human Rights Context - Background Information prepared by the Working Group on Girls for the May 10 2002 Supporting Event of the UN Special Session on Children 8-10 May 2002.
22 Hayat Ali Shah. 2001. Women at the doors of justice.’ The Medical Spectrum. Special Issue Violence Against Women. Vol 22, No. 12, December 2001. Karachi: Pakistan Medical Association. 18 - 22.
23 Recommendations of the Transnational Training Seminar on Trafficking in Women. Budapest, Hungary, June 20-24, 1998.
24 Edith M. Lederer. ‘Sexual exploitation of women. AP Worldstream. 6 June 1996.
25 Krug et al. 2002. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO. 153,155.
26 See www.unifemantitrafficking.org
27 Maman, S., Mbwambo, J., Hogan M., Kilonzo, G., Sweat, M. and Weiss, E. (2001). HIV and
Partner Violence: Implications for HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing Programs in Dares Salaam, Tanzania. New York: The Population Council Inc. 30.
28 Rehn, E., and Sirleaf Johnson, E., The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and the Role of Women in Peace-building, Progress of the World’s Women, Vol.1, 2002, UNIFEM.
29 WTC. Women’s GlobalNet #212. 23rd October 2002
30 Rehn, E., and Sirleaf Johnson, E., The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and the Role of Women in Peace-building, Progress of the World’s Women, Vol.1, 2002, UNIFEM.
dont_panic schrieb:dass die Menschenrechte der Muslime verletzt werden in Deutschland, dann ist es fuer dich Bloedsinn.
