Quiron schrieb:Doch, denn für die legalen Einwanderer damals war der 14. Zusatzartikel der Verfassung ja vorgesehen.
da bin ich mir nicht ganz sicher.
Man sollte das Datum dieses Artikels betrachten: 1868! Das war kurz nach dem Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg und der Abschaffung der Sklaverei. Ich denke, der Artikel wurde gerade daraus geboren.
Vorher galt nämlich das feudale Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht der Engländer auch in den USA weiter (every person born within the dominions of the Crown, no matter whether of English or of foreign parents, and, in the latter case, whether the parents were settled or merely temporarily sojourning in the country, was an English subject, save only the children of foreign ambassadors (who were excepted because their fathers carried their own nationality with them) or a child born to a foreigner during the hostile occupation of any part of the territories of England.)
Das galt aber eben nur für freie Bürger, für Weiße.
Ich gehe davon aus, dass der 14. Zusatzartikel geschaffen wurde in Folge der Abschaffung der Sklaverei, da ja die Sklaven zuvor nicht volle Bürgerrechte hatten, mit diesem Artikel ihnen allein durch die Geburt auf dem Boden der USA nachträglich die vollwertige Staatsangehörigkeit verliehen wurde.
Quiron schrieb:14. Zusatzartikel der Verfassung
daraus mal direkt zitiert:
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Nun scheint ja durchaus offen bzw. nicht endgültig gerichtlich geklärt, was genau mit "and subject to the jurisdiction thereof" gemeint ist, es gibt dazu verschiedene Lehrmeinungen.
Derzeit in Praxis bedeutet es wohl nur, dass Kinder von Diplomaten (also deren Eltern im Auftrag eines anderen Staates in den USA sind) nicht ius soli unterworfen sind.
Aber man kann durchaus dies so interpretieren, dass jemand, der nicht dokumentiert ist in den USA, also illegale Einwanderer, damit ausgeschlossen sind.
Aus obiger Argumentation heraus, dass der Artikel gerade aufgrund der Abschaffung der Sklaverei und um einen Weg zu schaffen, die ehemaligen Sklaven zu naturalisieren, geschrieben wurde, könnte man sogar soweit gehen, dass "and subject to the jurisdiction thereof" so interpretiert werden kann, dass ius soli einzig gilt, wenn ansonsten eine Staatenlosigkeit der Person eintreten würde, denn solange jemand nur vorübergehend (Tourist) in die USA einreist oder gar illegal einreist, verliert er ja nicht seine Staatsbürgerrechte des Ursprungslandes und damit auch nicht die Möglichkeit, dies an die im Ausland, zB. in den USA, geborenen Kinder weiterzugeben!
Partiell angeschnitten wurde diese Frage bereits in einer Entscheidung von 1898, siehe hier:
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/169/649#writing-USSC_CR_0169_0649_ZDUm eine solche Änderung der Durchführung, dass ius soli eben nur gilt, wenn die Eltern sich legal und dauerhaft in den USA aufhalten, durchzusetzen, bedarf es keiner Verfassungsänderung, das ist eine einfache gesetzliche Regelung oder mehr noch nur eine Konkretisierung der Durchführungsbestimmungen zur Verfassung.
Ich könnte mir daher vorstellen, dass das Endergebnis dieser Episode sein wird und dann auch die Zustimmung einer großen Mehrheit der Bevölkerung in den USA haben wird.
Damit würden die USA übrigens sich anschliessen einer Regelung, wie sie in einer sehr großen Zahl von Staaten gilt. Genaugenommen gibt es abseits von Kanada und USA ein unrestricted ius soli eigentlich nur noch in 3. Welt Staaten, deren Staatsangehörigkeit sowieso nicht erstebenswert ist:
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Barbados (However, the Barbados Ministry of Labour & Immigration recently proposed ending automatic birthright citizenship)
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chad
Chile
Costa Rica
Dominica
Ecuador
El Salvador
Fiji
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Jamaica
Lesotho
Mexico
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Tanzania
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Demgegenüber gilt ein entsprechend eingeschränktes ius soli in vielen anderen Staaten, insbesondere auch solchen, deren Staatsbürgerschaft "wertvoller" ist:
Australia:[39] Since 20 August 1986, a person born in Australia acquires Australian citizenship by birth only if at least one parent was an Australian citizen or permanent resident; or else after living the first ten years of their life in Australia, regardless of their parent's citizenship status (see Australian nationality law).
Bahrain: Children born to a foreign father with valid residency permits who himself was born in Bahrain have right to citizenship.[40]
Cambodia: In 1996, Cambodia changed the law to only grant citizenship to children born to foreign parents living legally in the Kingdom of Cambodia (under Article 4(2)(a) of the 1996 Nationality Law).[41]
Colombia: A child born in Colombia is a citizen when one of the parents is a Colombian citizen or legal resident.[11]
Dominican Republic: The constitution was amended on 26 January 2010. The amendment broadened the definition of the 2004 migration law – which excluded from citizenship children born to individuals that were "in transit" – to include "non-residents" (including individuals with expired residency visas and undocumented workers).[42][43][44][45][46][47]
Egypt: According to Article 4 of nationality law of the Arab Republic of Egypt, persons born in Egypt gain citizenship at birth if the father also was born in Egypt.[48]
France: Children born in France (including overseas territories) to at least one foreign parent who is also born in France automatically acquire French citizenship at birth. Children born to foreign parents may request citizenship depending on their age and length of residence (see French nationality law).
Germany: prior to 2000 Germany had its nationality law based entirely on jus sanguinis, but now children born on or after 1 January 2000 to non-ethnic German descent parents acquire German citizenship at birth, if at least one parent has a permanent residence permit (and had this status for at least three years) and the parent was residing in Germany for at least eight years.
Greece Greece: Apart from regulations in past and historic nationality laws of Greece granting nationality jus soli,[49] Greek Nationality Code of 2004 states that "A person born in Greek territory acquires by birth the Greek nationality if not acquiring alien nationality or is of unknown nationality".[50] Additionally, as from 2015's amendment of 2004 Cod (Law 4332 of 2015, G.G. A/76/9 July 2015), a child born in Greece by foreign parents, shall acquire the right of Greek nationality with a combination of preliminary school attendance and parents' legal residence in Greece (5 years, 10 if the child is born prior to 5 years of legal residence).[51] One year after the implementation of the law (as from July 2016), 6,029 children had been granted Greek nationality, out of 27,720 submitted applications.[52]
Hong Kong Hong Kong: Since the July 1997 transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, most political rights and eligibility for most benefits are conferred to permanent residents regardless of citizenship. Conversely, PRC citizens who are not permanent residents (such as residents of Mainland China and Macao) are not conferred these rights and privileges. The Basic Law provides that all citizens of the People's Republic of China (PRC) born in the territory are permanent residents of the territory and have the right of abode in Hong Kong. The 2001 case Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen clarified that the parents need not have right of abode[53] and as a consequence many women from Mainland China began coming to Hong Kong to give birth. By 2008, the number of babies in the territory born to Mainland China mothers had grown to twenty-five times the number five years prior.[54][55] Furthermore, persons of Chinese ethnicity (wholly or partly) born in Hong Kong are PRC citizens with permanent residence, even if their parents are non-PRC citizens (e.g. overseas-born Chinese). Non-PRC citizens born to non-PRC citizen permanent resident parents in Hong Kong also receive permanent residence at birth. Other persons must have "ordinarily resided" in Hong Kong for seven continuous years in order to gain permanent residence (Articles 24(2) and 24(5)).[56]
Iran: Article 976(4) of the Civil Code of Iran grants citizenship at birth to persons born in Iran of foreign parents if one or both of the parents were themselves born in Iran. See Iranian nationality law.[57]
Ireland: On 1 January 2005, the law was amended to require that at least one of the parents be an Irish citizen; a British citizen; a resident with a permanent right to reside in Ireland or In Northern Ireland; or a legal resident residing three of the last four years in the country (excluding students and asylum seekers) (see Irish nationality law).[39] The amendment was prompted by the case of Man Chen, a Chinese woman living in mainland United Kingdom who travelled to Belfast (Northern Ireland, part of the UK) to give birth in order to benefit from the previous rule whereby anyone born on any part of the island of Ireland was automatically granted Irish citizenship. The Chinese parents used their daughter's Irish (and thereby European Union) citizenship to obtain permanent residence in the UK as parents of a dependent EU citizen. Ireland was the last country in Europe to abolish unrestricted jus soli.
Luxembourg: A person born in Luxembourg is automatically a Luxembourg citizen if at least one of their parents was also born in Luxembourg.[58]
Malaysia: A person born in Malaysia on or after 16 September 1963 with at least one parent being a Malaysian citizen or permanent resident is automatically a Malaysian citizen (see Malaysian nationality law).
Morocco: A person who was born in Morocco to parents also born in Morocco and whose immigration is legal, can register as a Moroccan two years prior to becoming adult.[59]
Namibia: A person born in Namibia to a Namibian citizen parent or a foreign parent who is ordinarily resident in Namibia, is a Namibian citizen at birth (see Namibian nationality law).
New Zealand:[39] Since 1 January 2006, a person born in New Zealand acquires New Zealand citizenship by birth only if at least one parent was a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident (includes Australian citizens and Permanent Residents) (see New Zealand nationality law), or if to prevent being stateless.[60]
Portugal: A child born in Portuguese territory to who does not possess another nationality is a Portuguese citizen. Also, a person born to foreign parents who were not serving their respective States at the time of birth is a Portuguese citizen if the person declares that they want to be Portuguese and provided that one of the parents has legally resided in Portugal for at least two years at the time of birth.[61]
South Africa:[39] Since 6 October 1995, a person born in South Africa to South African citizens or permanent residents are automatically granted South African citizenship (see South African nationality law).
Spain: A child born in Spain to foreign parents may acquire Spanish citizenship jus soli if either one of the parents was also born in Spain, or neither of the parents can transmit their nationality to the child (including the stateless parents).
Sudan: A person born before 1994 gains Sudanese nationality at birth if his father was also born in Sudan. If his father was not born in Sudan, he can apply to the Minister to be granted Sudanese nationality.[62][63]
Thailand: Thailand operated a system of pure jus soli prior to 1972. Due to illegal immigration from Burma, the Nationality Act was amended to require that both parents be legally resident and domiciled in Thailand for at least five years for their child to be granted Thai citizenship at birth.[64][65] Furthermore, someone who has Thai citizenship by sole virtue of jus soli may be stripped of Thai citizenship under various conditions (such as living abroad), which does not apply to people who have Thai citizenship by virtue of jus sanguinis.[66]
Tunisia: Individuals born in Tunisia are citizens by birth if their father and grandfather were born in Tunisia. Additionally, the person must declare before becoming an adult (20 years) that he wants to be a citizen.[67]
United Kingdom: Since 1 January 1983, at least one parent must be a British citizen or be legally "settled" in the country or upon the 10th birthday of the child regardless of their parent's citizenship status (see British nationality law).
Indien und Malta haben ius soli abgeschafft.
Quelle:
Wikipedia: Jus soli