Der Koran hat Recht, die Bibel nicht?
29.06.2007 um 12:16
Location Of Makkah
Makkah is at the intersection of latitude 21 to 25 degree northand longitude 39 to 49 degree east. It is set in a rugged landscape consisting mostly ofsolid granite, with rocks sometimes reaching 300 meters (1,000 feet) above seelevel.
Makkah is enclosed by the Valley of Abraham, which is surrounded by twonearby mountain ranges to the east, west and south. The northern range comprises theAl-Falaq and Qu'aqi'an mountains, while the southern range consists of Abu Hudaidahmountain to the west, Kuday to the south and Abu Qubais and Khindimah to thesouth-east.
There are three main entrances to Makkah: Al-Mu'allat (also known asAl-Hujûn), Al-Musfalah and Al-Shubaikah.
It is generally agreed that Al-Mu'allatincludes all areas which are higher than the Haram and Al-Musfalah covers all areas thatare lowers.
Ka'bah & Makkah In History
Edward Gibbon writes about theKa'bah and its existence before the Christian era in his book:
..... of blindmythology of barbarians - of the local deities, of the stars, the air, and the earth, oftheir sex or titles, their attributes or subordination. Each tribe, each family, eachindependent warrier, created and changed the rites and the object of this fantasticworship; but the nation, in every age, has bowed to the religion as well as to thelanguage of Mecca. The genuine antiquity of Caaba ascends beyond the Christian era: indescribing the coast of the Red sea the Greek historian Diodorus has remarked, betweenthe Thamudites and the Sabeans, a famous temple, whose superior sanctity was revered byall the Arabians; the linen of silken veil, which is annually renewed by the Turkishemperor, was first offered by the Homerites, who reigned seven hundred years before thetime of Mohammad.[1]
Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian of 1st century BC whowrote Bibliotheca Historica, a book describing various parts of the discovered world. Thefollowing lines are the English translation of Greek quoted by Gibbon from the book ofDiodorus Siculus (Diodorus of Sicily) describing the 'temple' considered to be the theholiest in the whole of Arabia.
And a temple has been set-up there, which is veryholy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians.[2]
It is interesting to know thatClaudius Ptolemy of Alexandria, mathematician and astronomer, flourishing about a centuryafter Pliny, undertook to make an atlas of the habitable world. He was not a descriptivegeographer, and his book was intended to be no more than a commentary on his maps. Heenumerated some hundred and fourteen cities or villages in Arabia Felix.
Forexample, Dumaetha, placed by Ptolemy just outside the northern boundary of Arabia Felix,must be the mediaeval Arabian Daumet, which is today the chief village of the great oasisof Jauf. Hejr, famous in the "times of ignorance" as the seat of a kingdom, and nowMedayin Salih, is Ptolemy's Egra. His Thaim is Teima, now known for its inscriptions tohave had temples and some sort of civilization as far back as 500 BC. It is the Tema ofJob. In Lathrippa, placed inland from Iambia (Yambo), we recognize the Iathrippa ofStephan of Byzantium, the Yathrib of the early Arab traditions, now honoured as ElMedina, the City of Cities.[3]
Apart from this a place called Macoraba is alsoshown which is identified as Mecca (please refer to the map facing page 17 of reference[3]). G E von Grunebaum says:
Mecca is mentioned by Ptolemy, and the name he givesit allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary.[4]
Makkah In The Scriptures
The Qur'ân talks about Bakkah (the older name ofMakkah) being the first house of worship appointed for mankind. It also addresses thisplace as Umm ul-Qurâ i.e., Mother of the Settlements.
Verily, the first House (ofworship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), full of blessing, and aguidance for Al-'Alamin (the mankind and jinns). In it are manifest signs (for example),the Maqam (place) of Ibrahim (Abraham); whosoever enters it, he attains security. AndHajj (pilgrimage to Makkah) to the House (Ka'bah) is a duty that mankind owes to Allah,those who can afford the expenses (for one's conveyance, provision and residence); andwhoever disbelieves [i.e. denies Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah), then he is a disbeliever ofAllah], then Allah stands not in need of any of the 'Alamin (mankind and jinns). [Qur'ân3:96-97]
The Bible also mentions about the valley of Baca in connection with thepilgrimage. Below is the quote from Psalms 84 (NIV):
1 How lovely is your dwellingplace, O LORD Almighty!
2 My soul yearns, even faints, for the courts of the LORD; myheart and my flesh cry out for the living God.
3 Even the sparrow has found a home,and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may have her young-- a place near youraltar, O LORD Almighty, my King and my God.
4 Blessed are those who dwell in yourhouse; they are ever praising you.
5 Blessed are those whose strength is in you, whohave set their hearts on pilgrimage.
6 As they pass through the Valley of Baca, theymake it a place of springs; the autumn rains also cover it with pools.
7 They go fromstrength to strength, till each appears before God in Zion.
8 Hear my prayer, O LORDGod Almighty; listen to me, O God of Jacob.
9 Look upon our shield, O God; look withfavor on your anointed one.
10 Better is one day in your courts than a thousandelsewhere; I would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God than dwell in the tentsof the wicked.
11 For the LORD God is a sun and shield; the LORD bestows favor andhonor; no good thing does he withhold from those whose walk is blameless.
12 O LORDAlmighty, blessed is the man who trusts in you.
The interpretation of the valleyof Baca in the The Jewish Encylopedia is quite interesting, though it does not provide acomplete evidence and leaves the reader with a suggestion. Below is the fullquote.
Baca, The Valley Of: A valley mentioned in Psalms LXXXIV:7. Since it isthere said that pilgrims transform the valley into a land of wells, an old translatorsgave to Baca, the meaning of a "valley of weeping"; but it signifies rather any valleylacking water. Support for this latter view is to be found in II Samuel V:23 et seq.; IChronicles XIV:14 et seq., in which the plural form of the same word designates a treesimilar to the balsam tree; and it was supposed that a dry valley could be named afterthis tree. Konig takes Baca from the Arabian Baka'a, and translates it "lack of streams".The Psalmist apparently has in mind a particular valley whose natural condition led himto adopt its name.[5]
The translation of Arabian Baka'a as "lack of stream" seemsto throw some light on the nature of the valley before the appearance of the stream ofZam-Zam near Ka'bah which was a dry place with no vegetation whatsoever.
TheAnchor Bible Dictionary does not throw any light on it, albeit, there are somesuggestions in it too like the The Jewish Encylopedia. Below is the fullquote.
Baca, The Valley Of (PLACE): [Hebrew 'emeq habakka'], The valley of Baca(Psalms 84:1) is either a historical place name or a symbolical expression for "deepsorrow". The first part of Psalms 84:6 seems to mean that by "passing through theexperience of deep sorrow, righteous ones can make it the source of life." The Septuaginttranslated the phrase into Greek as "the valley of weeping". The word 'emeq "valley" hasthe root meaning of "deep", so the expression may mean "deep sorrow".
However,some have considered it as the "valley of the balsam tree" from the same word in pluralform found in 2 Samuel 5:24. This is based on the assumption that baka may be a"gum-exuding [weeping] tree". Another possibility is that the word beka'im (plural ofbaka) may mean "weeping wall-rocks" in the valley of Rephaim on whose tops David and histroops were waiting for the coming of the Philistine army passing through the valleybelow (2 Samuel 5:24). It seems safe to seek the meaning of baka in relation to thedripping water, since we often find this word in the names related to rivers and wadis,such as Wadi al-Baka in the Sinaitic district and Baca on the wadi in the central Galileearea, W of Meroth. It is also possible to understand beka'im as the place of "weepings"of the Philistine army for their defeat by David. After all these considerations, theexpression of "valley of baka" can best be taken as a symbolic expression "weeping" or"deep sorrow" which fits well in the context of Psalms 84:6.[6]
Theinterpretation of the valley of Baca as a "the valley of weeping" makes sense because ofthe distress which Hagar(P) underwent when she was left with Ishmael(P) in the barrendesert with no means of living.
The two interpretations of Baca, viz., "lack ofstream" and "the valley of weeping" appears to fit in the context of pilgrimage toBakkah, the older name of Makkah where the Ka'bah is situated. Ka'bah has been a place ofreverence by all Arabians before the Christian era as we have seen earlier.
AndAllah knows best!
m_ember schrieb:al-chidr ist nicht online, lass dir Zeit, das Thema werden wir eh